Journal of Social and Organizational Matters

Impact of Female Empowerment on Family Decision-Making: Evolving Roles in Marriage, Education, Employment, and Social Life

Faheem Akhtar — 2025-10-14

The importance of women in family decision-making has repercussions for marriage, health, education, employment, and social life which is the potential goal of the current study. The data was collected by using structured interviews by using snowball sampling techniques and results described that majority of the women are still oppressing by male dominance. Results showed that 57% of participants have an understanding about patriarchal society. Results about contribution in family decision making were very interested especially about children’s education 36% women have authority to decide about their education. But the situation was different about decision of children’s profession, 36% described that they are deciding with mutual understanding about their children’s professional career. And 28% of the results showed that fathers have authority to take decisions about it. But, in this modern time things are going to change. The reason of this change is concluded by education and job opportunities for females.

Performance Measurement System for Resilient Supply Chain using Reverse Logistics in Railways: A Case from Pakistan

Muhammad Abdus Salam — 2025-10-15

Pakistan Railways has an elaborated system of reverse logistics. Being a transport body itself, it has its unique capabilities of supplying the required material to the destinations within the organization and disposing off the undesired/ waste generated by the system. To make the system resilient in nature, reverse logistics is distinctive and quite sophisticated in nature. The problem is despite having such an elaborated system of reverse logistics resilience while dealing with diversified items, the key performance indicators also known as key success indicators yet need to be designed properly. The result of this lack of information is in undermining the whole process of reverse logistics. As such there is a simple system of performance measurement for the resilient supply chain’s reverse logistics i.e., clearance of surplus items, value addition through workshops, and sale of scrap in terms of quantity and price only. This comes under recycling/disposal whereas the remaining areas are ignored while calculating the role of reverse logistics performance. The purpose of this study is to fill in the gaps and design a framework for performance measurement with respect to reverse logistics of Pakistan Railways and to make their supply chain more resilient specially in Post Covid era. The designed performance measurement system is based on KPIs which are different for Strategic, Tactical and Operational in the internal and external perspective while keeping in view the time horizon in short as well as long term.

Factors Affecting Organizational Commitment Towards Waste Recycling in The Spinning Industry of Punjab, Pakistan

Nafees Ejaz — 2025-10-29

Waste recycling has gained significant attention as a sustainable practice in industrial sectors, including Punjab’s spinning industry. However, the level of organizational commitment to recycling varies due to multiple influencing factors. This study examines the key determinants of recycling commitment, focusing on leadership involvement, workforce engagement, financial constraints, and regulatory enforcement. The primary objective of this study is to assess the extent of organizational commitment to waste recycling and identify the factors that facilitate or hinder recycling initiatives in Punjab’s spinning industry. A mixed-methods research approach was employed, combining quantitative survey data from industry professionals with qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews. Regression analysis and ANOVA tests were used to determine the impact of leadership commitment, workforce engagement, and financial constraints on recycling practices. The qualitative data were analyzed thematically to uncover deeper organizational perspectives. Quantitative analysis reveals a moderate level of organizational commitment to recycling, with leadership and workforce engagement emerging as strong predictors of recycling initiatives. Financial constraints negatively influence commitment, limiting the sustainability of recycling programs. ANOVA results show significant variations in commitment across job roles, with managers displaying higher engagement levels. Qualitative findings reinforce these results, highlighting inconsistent policy enforcement, motivational gaps among employees, and regulatory shortcomings. The study underscores the critical role of leadership, workforce participation, and supportive policies in fostering a strong recycling culture. Addressing financial constraints through incentives and policy enhancements can further improve sustainability efforts. Future research should explore tailored strategies to enhance recycling commitment across different industrial sectors.

Digital Pedagogies and Student Engagement in Higher Education: A Case Study of Pakistani Universities

Mehwish Habib — 2025-11-02

Background/Context: The issue of student engagement is becoming one of the most important in terms of the success of higher education. Founded in Pakistan, the fast digitization of universities has indicated both the possibilities and problems in the implementation of digital pedagogies, although there is little empirical information on the effects of its application. The research problem addressed in this study is whether digital pedagogical practices could be effective in promoting student engagement in Pakistani universities. Its purpose is to determine the extent to which teaching techniques based on technology can significantly improve participation, motivate and performance. The data were gathered using interview methods through the use of a quantitative case study design where students and university staff were surveyed and observed in the classroom setting of three major universities. The findings revealed that statistical procedures and tools including descriptive analysis, regression modeling and ANOVA were used to evaluate relationships between digital pedagogues and dimensions of student engagement. The results suggest that the use of digital tools, such as learning management system, interactive sites and multimedia tools, have a positive correlation with an increase in behavioral, emotional and cognitive engagement. Digital interactivity interaction and predictive value were found to have a significant effect on the participation of students, and access differences mediated the results of the regression analysis. The paper indicates the opportunities of digital pedagogies on facilitating online interaction in learning institutions, but the problem of infrastructures and training in this context should be taken into consideration. Institutional approaches to policy making and these findings are used to achieve improve quality learning in the course of Pakistan.

Climate Change as a Security Threat: Comparing U.S, Chinese, and Russian Strategic Doctrines

Hidayatullah Khan — 2025-11-02

As an environmental phenomenon, climate change has been appreciated over the years as a complex security problem. Although the world awareness is consistent on its destabilizing nature, the national reactions vary radically. This paper fills the gap in the literature with respect to how the three key powers, the United States, China and Russia conceptualize and implement climate change within the confines of their national security paradigm. The research questions include (1) the comparison of the consideration of climate change as a security issue in the U.S., Chinese, or Russian strategic doctrines, (2) the quantification of the relative importance of the implementation of the strategic doctrines, and (3) the measurement of influence of geopolitical interest in the strategic doctrines and policy priorities. This study will analyze official defense and strategic documents (2000-2025) through a mixed-methods introduction to the research based on the statistical content analysis. Quantitative coding scheme determines what terms of climate-related security are most frequent and most situation specific, whereas statistical data analysis (chi-square tests, correlation analysis) will determine the differences across the three states. Additional presentation of qualitative content also gives contextual richness to the differences in ideology and policy. Early evidence indicates that there is statistically significant divergence in U.S. doctrine believing climate change to be a non-traditional security challenge which needs to be cooperatively addressed at the multilateral level; China places climate change within the frameworks of environmental governance and domestic stability; Russia is less emphatic, and in many instances, climate-related problems are relegated to energy and resource security discourses. The statistical results indicate there is a high correlation (r = 0.72, p less than 0.05), between climate risk perceived and the policy innovation indices. It is concluded in this study that climate change acts as a reflection and also as a driver of changing national security priorities. Through quantitative comparison of the doctrinal strategies, it indicates the geopolitical, and ideological imbalances that act as climatic-security governance.

The Role of Regional Courts in International Dispute Settlement: Between Cooperation and Fragmentation

Sana Zaman — 2025-11-02

The growth of the regional courts has transformed the nature of the settlement of international disputes, which leaves the question whether they are associated to the international courts like the International Court of Justice and specialized courts. Although the regional courts are making it easier to access justice and make rulings relative to the situation on the ground, their spread may lead to creation of piecemeal interpretations of the laws. The current literature is not systematic and with statistically based evidence on the balance of cooperation and fragmentation of this emerging system. In this paper, we wish to discuss the purpose of regional courts in international dispute settlement, and more precisely, whether they lead to legal cooperation between jurisdictions or enhance systemic fragmentation. It assumes that the international adjudicatory coherence is complementary and challenging at the same time by the regional courts. The study uses a mixed-methods research design since it combines both a qualitative legal study and quantitative statistical methods. An astute collection of local judicial rulings (n = 500 cases) will be gathered in Europe, Africa, and Latin America between 1990 and 2022. Descriptive statistics, network analysis and regression models are used in order to find patterns of convergence or divergence with international precedents. Citation-tracking and text-similarity measures are also used to determine the degree of cross-referencing between local and international courts. The evidence indicates that about 65 percent of court decisions in the area are consistent with the international jurisprudence referring to the cooperation with the legal integration, 20 percent is partially distorted, and 15 percent completely fractured. The regression findings also reveal that regional membership in international organizations, and the previous judicial cooperation are the strongest variables influencing alignment.

The Intention-Behaviour Gap in Higher Education: Unpacking the Planning-Execution Paradox in Students' Procrastination Despite Effective Time Management

Nimra Malik — 2025-11-11

The goal of this research was to explain how much time the students in higher education in Punjab, Pakistan, were managing and how much they were procrastinating academically. The study aimed to achieve three objectives: 1) To describe time management practices being carried out by the higher education students in Punjab, Pakistan. 2) To find out the amount of academic procrastination that higher education students experienced. 3) To reveal the perceptions and attitudes of the students with regard to time management and academic procrastination. A quantitative descriptive survey design was used to collect data from 360 undergraduate and postgraduate students enrolled in public and private higher education institutions. The sample of the study was selected by using a multistage convenience sampling method, which included convenience sampling and proportionate stratified sampling techniques. For the assessment of students’ awareness regarding time management practices and tendencies for academic procrastination, a structured questionnaire was utilized. The research tool proved to be very reliable (Cronbach’s α = 0.988). Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis, which included frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, and rankings. The findings showed that the students had a time management average of 82.83 (SD = 6.50) and an academic procrastination average of 83.27 (SD = 10.46). A large number of students still stated that they put off academic tasks because of emotional, cognitive, and motivational reasons, even though they were showing very good planning and scheduling skills. The study indicated that universities should provide time-management training and interventions aimed at procrastination and self-regulation to improve students’ academic performance and effectiveness. These results revealed a rise in paradoxical behavior in students’ time management skills and continuous procrastination.

Fostering Sustainable Skies: The Role of Green Human Resource Management in Driving Employee Green Behavior and Corporate Responsibility in Pakistani Airlines

Tanzim A. Khan — 2025-11-13

The urgency of climate change and environmental degradation has placed sustainability at the top of global policy, research, and industry agendas. Of the many routes organizations can take to approach this issue, placing true efficiency in embedding environmental values into recruitment, training, employee engagement, and performance appraisal mechanisms has become an important aspect through Green Human Resource Management (GHRM). In conventional HR models that heavily emphasize productivity and profitability, GHRM develops working forces with ecological objectives by turning employees into conscious collaborators in developing environmental responsibility. The growing immediacy of integrating sustainability in high-impact industries of developing economies inspires this study with a particular focus on the service sector, like airlines in Pakistan. The aviation industry negatively contributes to the global CO² emissions, leading to global warming and ozone layer thinning. GHRM practices can be adopted to reduce carbon footprints, support corporate social responsibility (CSR), and promote corporate environmental responsibility (CER). However, much of the existing research on aviation management remains focused on customer loyalty, operational efficiency, and financial performance, leaving a notable gap in research that links human resource strategies to environmental outcomes. Using contemporary literature and other global initiatives, for example, the Paris Agreement, this paper discusses how GHRM can be both strategic and operational in sustaining the transport, hospitality, tourism, and aviation sectors of Pakistan. Further, it also discusses awareness at what level (micro-level or individual level), through employee selection, training, and performance management systems, is attained when these systems are designed or implemented through a green lens. Behavioral change-informing behavior changes to achieve long-term environmental objectives addresses organizational constraints of cost implications of low awareness, and a tendency toward greenwashing, inhibiting its proper implementation. This research seeks to make a theoretical contribution by widening the discussion of GHRM in the context of developing economies, besides making an actual contribution through implementable recommendations for HR practitioners, policymakers, and industry stakeholders. Hence, it brings out that GHRM is not a supplementary strategy but rather a core approach through which productivity and environmental responsibility can be institutionalized within the same framework, supporting the larger global mission of climate change and a sustainable future.